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General Studies -01

Refer JANUARY 11 Question under master 2021 section by Clicking here for references and details about this question.

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India is known as a secular state giving equal importance to all religions since time immemorial. Recently USCIRF put India in list “country of particular concern” category along with Pakistan which in turn raises some concerns.

Evidences of communal harmony in India

1. Constitution: fraternity in preamble of constitution
2. Fundamental rights & duties: Article 25 to 28 for right to religious freedom & Article 51 A
3. Acts and institutions: National commission for minorities act 1992, National integration council…etc.
4. Legacy: Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi are epitome of communal harmony.
5. Examples: People from minorities occupied top positions like APJ abtul kalam, Man Mohan Singh…Etc.

Concerns in recent times

1. Political aspects on pan India NRC, Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) , Hate speech and speeches triggering communal sentiments.
2. Instances of mob lynching, Honor killing, cow vigilante violence..etc
3. Verdicts on Sabarimala issue, triple talaq, Ayodhya dispute
4. Burning issue of militancy in J & K 
5. Agendas targeting Muslims during covid pandemic.

Even though India have long legacy to portray communal harmony, few instances in recent times is giving black shade over it. So It’s high time to curb occurrence of such incidents for political mileages.

Refer JANUARY 11 Question under master 2021 section by Clicking here for references and details about this question.

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Paris Agreement (conference of parties 21) is an international agreement to combat climate change. In December 2015, the governments of 195 nations gathered in Paris, France, and discussed a possible new global agreement on climate change, aimed at reducing global greenhouse gas emissions and thus reduce the threat of dangerous climate change. The 32-page Paris agreement with 29 articles is widely recognized as a historic deal to stop global warming.

The aims of Paris Agreement is as below:

• Keep the global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above the pre-industrial level.
• Pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
• Strengthen the ability of countries to deal with the impacts of climate change.

Significance:

1. First of its kind, Landmark environmental accord .
2. 195 countries pledged to implement targeted action plan that will limit GHG emission.
3. Rich countries are providing financial as well as technical support to poor countries to fight effectively.
4. Created framework for transparent monitoring and reporting.

Effect of power shift in USA

During trump presidency	Change during biden
Trump held that deal is discriminating & poor countries are getting funds at the cost of American resource.	No such views and promised to revise the national determined contribution. It will boost significance of deal.
Withdrawal from deal started in 2019 & completed in November 2020.	Biden assured joining deal during his election speech. Unlike process of exit, joining won’t take long.
US Stopped funding to poor nations under climate fund.	Reassure global countries with climate fund.

Conclusion

Power shift in US is a ray of hope for other member countries and whole world environment. It needs to show steps towards targets like Electricity production to be carbon free by 2035, Net zero emission by 2050..etc to gain trust of other countries and to attain leadership.

General Studies -03

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Refer JANUARY 11 Question under master 2021 section by Clicking here for references and details about this question.

Hints to approach:

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