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General Studies -01

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“I measure the progress of a community by the degree of progress which women have achieved.”- B. R. Ambedkar

Yes, I agree that BR ambedkar was instrumental in bringing issues faced by women in society into surface and formulating lows ensuring legal rights.

Justification:

1. Hindu code bill: Despite resistance, Ambedkar opined that existing Hindu laws and customs are in build discriminatory which needs to be abolished. Bill emphasis right of women like right to divorce, right to inheritance..etc
2. Drafting committee chairman: Inclusion of article 14,article 16 and article 23, Article 39 (a) and 39(d).. so on.
3. Universal adult franchise: He voice for universal adult franchise without any discrimination. Its included as article 326.
4. Working women rights: He was instrumental in formulating women rights including equal pay. Article 39(d).
5. Annihilation of Caste: He presented inter marriage as real remedy to abolish caste.
6. Rise and fall of the Hindu women: In this essay he expressed his radical feminist views and takes cues from Buddhism for emancipating indian women.

There are many more contributions done by ambedkar for women and hence its is right to consider his as instrumental in shaping legal rights to women in india.

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J & K has been a reason for conflict since independence. Pakistan and India have agreed to curb cross-border violence to comply with a ceasefire agreement signed between the two nuclear-armed neighbors in 2003. Even now violations are see exponential rise than ever before.

Reasons behind Frequent cease fire violations

• To keep issue burning in international platforms
• Promoting infiltration and terrorism
• Gaining military advantage over siachin glaciers, Kargil..etc
• Repeal of article 370
• Poor defence /surveillance
• Poor preventive infrastructure near borders

Need to restore cease fire in border

• To prevent loss of innocent civilian lives in conflicts
• To reduce economic burden associated with securing border and restoring infrastructure
• To restore peace in region & avoid disruption in day to day life
• To avoid displacement of civilians due to fear.
• To avoid distraction against common enemy ie, covid-19.

So its high time to build mutual trust by the leadership of nations to prevent such incidence in future.

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General Studies -03

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The Rupee-Dollar Swap may be either to sell dollars to banks or to sell rupee to banks. The objective is to meet the durable liquidity needs of the system.  When the RBI sells dollars to banks, it will get rupee in return. On the other hand, when the  RBI sells Indian Rupee, it can get US Dollars from banks in exchange.

So, the Rupee-Dollar Swap can be in two forms:

(1) US Dollar/Rupee –Sell/Buy Swap: Here injection of US Dollar into the economy as the RBI sells US Dollars by recieving Rupee from participating banks.

(2) US Dollar/Rupee –Buy/Sell Swap: Here the RBI injects Rupee into banks by selling rupee while receiving US Dollars from the participating banks.

{#Optional to add} What is the objective of Rupee dollar swap?

• The objective is to meet the durable liquidity needs of the system.
• This will inject rupee liquidity for longer duration through long-term foreign exchange Buy/Sell swap.
• The US Dollar amount mobilized through the auction would also reflect in RBI’s foreign exchange reserves and in its forward liabilities.

Advantages of Rupee dollar swap over Open Market operations

Open market operations	Advantages in Rupee dollar swap
Bonds of limited value can only be floated by RBI & that too with government approval.	DR swap can be of any amount as it does not impact balance sheet.
Short term market intervention.	Settled on a long term basis.
Volatile in nature.	Long term & hence stable.
Less control over appreciation/depreciation in comparison to later.	RBI can control appreciation/depreciation of rupee value directly and legally.
Large purchase of government bonds by RBI distorts the yield curve.	Dollar is bought instead of bonds.
Less stability due to volatile nature.	US federal reserve swap line agreement provides extra cushions to forex markets.

The advantage of Dollar-Rupee swap as a liquidity instrument is that it will help the RBI not to continuously depend on using other instruments like bond buying to inject liquidity. In few months, the RBI buys around 70-75% of the total government bonds issued in the market to inject money into the system. When the RBI is buying bonds, money goes to the system. If instruments like the Dollar -rupee swap is used, higher dependence on bond buying can be avoided.

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Hints to approach:

Good leaders are often distinguished from other by their qualities. Good leader is one who can lead by showing himself as an example.

Essential qualities of a good leader:

1. Objectivity and openness to criticism: A leader should act on merit and should respect others.

Eg: Indira Gandhi often took advice from Vajpayee, Abraham Lincoln appointed rival as secretary, Nehru appointed Ambedkar, who was critic to his policy.

2. Long vision: A leader should have vision and ability to align followers with that vision.

Eg: Abdul kalam’s 2020 vision, Gandhi’s vision of independence through non-violence.

3. Selflessness: A leader should consider others interest prior to self-interest.

Eg: Mother Theresa left comfort for destitute; Gandhi left job & comfort for indian independence.

4. Courage & Confidence: A good leader must be confident to stay strong for goals in front so that others follow their command.

Eg: Indira Gandhi’s last speech pledging to shed “every last drop of blood” for India.

Hence, “A leader is one who knows the way, goes the way, and shows the way.” -John C Maxwell.

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